Iraqi pro-government forces have made gains at the start of a large-scale operation to retake Mosul, the last major stronghold of the so-called Islamic State (IS) in the country.
Iraqi government troops and Kurdish fighters launched their push towards the city in the early hours of Monday.
IS seized Mosul during a lightning offensive in June 2014.
Correspondents say the battle will be difficult and could take months. The UN has expressed concern for civilians.
The BBC’s Orla Guerin, who is with Kurdish tank units advancing from the east, says they have closed the gap with IS position on about 300m.
The Kurds seized several villages in the first few hours of the operation.
As the assault began, one Kurdish general told our correspondent: “If I am killed today I will die happy because I have done something for my people.”
Meanwhile pro-government forces have made gains as they move on Mosul from the south, security sources say.
They are operating from Qayyarah airbase, which was recaptured in August.
The US-led coalition fighting IS is backing the assault with air strikes,
Who is fighting?
About 30,000 pro-government troops are involved in the operation. The main assault is being led by Iraqi army troops.
About 4,000 Kurdish fighters are trying to clear villages to the east of Mosul, to allow the army to move in.
US Special Operations personnel are advising forces on the ground. Elite Iraqi counterterrorism forces are expected to join in the coming days.
An estimated 4,000-8,000 Islamic State fighters are defending the city.
Why Mosul matters
Mosul, the oil-rich capital of Nineveh province, was Iraq’s second-largest city before IS militants overran it in June 2014.
Its capture became a symbol of the group’s rise as a major force and its ability to control territory. It was there that IS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi proclaimed a “caliphate” in parts of Iraq and neighbouring Syria.
The city was one of Iraq’s most diverse, comprising ethnic Sunni Arabs, Kurds, Assyrians and Turkmens, as well as a variety of religious minorities.
While members of those minorities largely fled the onslaught by IS, many local Sunni Arabs initially welcomed the militants, angered by the sectarian policies of the previous Shia Arab-led central government.
But after two years of brutal IS rule, opposition has reportedly grown inside Mosul.
One major concern for those still there is the involvement of Shia militiamen in the offensive, after they were accused of sectarian abuses in other cities that have been recaptured.
Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi has sought to reassure them by saying only Iraqi security forces would be allowed to enter Mosul.
Even if IS is driven out of Mosul, the group will still control areas of northern and eastern Iraq.
UN humanitarian chief Stephen O’Brien said: “I am extremely concerned for the safety of up to 1.5 million people living in Mosul who may be impacted.”
Many are expected to be caught in the fighting. There are fear that residents could be used as human shields by IS.
As many as a million people could be forced to flee their homes.
Most are expected to leave “with only the clothes on their backs,” Becky Bakr Abdulla of the Norwegian Refugee Council told AFP news agency.
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